Recent advances in gas–solid fluidization and vortex reactor dynamics have opened new avenues for enhancing heat and mass transfer in a range of industrial processes. These systems utilise centrifugal ...

Ellingham diagrams are very powerful phase diagrams to evaluate equilibrium phases under gas-solid reactions. Those phase diagrams were extended to higher pressures to examine stable phases under high ...

Solids, liquids and gases. In a solid like this brick, the particles are regularly arranged touching their neighbours and move only by vibrating. This explains why solids have a fixed shape. In a ...