A syringe’s design affects the pull and push forces required for drawing and ejecting a fluid into or from a barrel. Measurement of these forces for quality control or development purposes can be ...

What is a Surface Force Apparatus (SFA)? The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) is a highly sensitive scientific instrument used to measure the forces between two surfaces at the nanoscale. It allows ...

Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www ...

Although a power supply and a DMM are fine for some measurements, there are many advantages to having sourcing and measuring in the same instrument. Yet many engineers I encounter are not familiar ...

Cells exert, sense, and respond to physical forces through an astounding diversity of mechanisms. Here we review recently developed tools to quantify the forces generated by cells. We first review ...