In the 1990s, researchers injected Black and Brown boys with a banned drug to study their violence risk. Child psychiatry has never reckoned with it.

Because outdated stereotypes can delay diagnosis, Washington said that eating disorders should be viewed through a broader lens that includes biology, psychology, and social influences.

The stormy relationship of Sigmund Freud and the neuropathologist and psychiatrist Theodor Meynert helped define the origins of biological psychiatry as well as psychotherapy.